A wall surrounding a cell. Typically made of complex polysaccharides such as chitin, glucans, and glycoproteins in fungi, or cellulose in plants. Used to provide structural support, protection, and maintaining water levels. Inhibits plants from absorbing hard foods.

Also known as the phospholipid bilayer is a membrane surrounding all cells, made of phospholipids. This is a complex topic, more can be read here.

A water-based liquid which fills all cells. All metabolic processes take place within it.

A free-flowing strand of DNA in a loop, not contained.

Molecular machines that produce proteins from amino acids during protein synthesis. There are 2 common sizes 70S and 80S. (S = Svedberg units, a measure of the size of organelles) They appear in prokaryotes and eukaryotes respectively.

A compartment with a double membrane, which contains chromosomes, made of DNA bound to histones contained in a double membrane with pores.

A smaller sack of liquid bound by a membrane within cells. Plant and fungal cells often have a permanent one.

Animal cells will feature them when necessary for metabolism and a lack of a large vacuole reduces the mass of the cell and makes movement easier, so animals have much greater range of locomotion methods e.g. flying.

Often the largest organelle in fungi. The vacuole participates in a wide range of processes and play a key role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis.

In plant cells it contains a solution of mineral ions such as potassium and other solutes.
The vacuole can expand quickly by absorbing mineral ions and water and therefore allows rapid growth of plant cells.

Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane, and are filled with folds to maximize surface area. They conduct cellular respiration, utilizing sugar and oxygen to reduce ATP.

The endoplasmic reticulum transpires in two forms: a type with a ribosome-studded surface and another with a smooth surface. The latter is called the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and the former is called the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These membranes form continuous folds, eventually joining the outer layer of the nuclear membrane.